Description
Topic:
Please discuss the differences between first-generation antipsychotics (FGA) and second-generation antipsychotics (SGA). Include relevant pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics and the implications of each. Include the concepts of receptor affinity, binding, and potency.
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First‐generation antipsychotics (FGAs), are significantly effective in decreasing symptoms, but unfavorable effects, such as extrapyramidal symptoms and occasionally tardive dyskinesia, oftentimes restrict long‐term use (McDonagh et al., 2020). Second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) were prescribed due to the effectiveness is equivalent to or greater than the FGAs, and known for fewer adverse symptoms, also known to decrease the risk of adverse effects that restricted the use of FGAs (McDonagh et al., 2020).
Pharmacokinetics refers to how the body responds to each SGA. How the medication is metabolized, absorbed, and eliminated is determined by various determinants. This includes age, gender, disease, genotype, interaction with other medications, health status, diet, and history of smoking (Schwartz, 2018). SGA presents many related pharmacokinetic characteristics. Notable among these are good absorption from the gastrointestinal tract into the bloodstream reaching maximum concentrations in 1–6 hours (Schwartz, 2018). Pharmacodynamics concerning the SGA combine their mechanism of action, mainly the impact upon neurotransmitters and receptors, controlled by neurodevelopment/migration, and pharmacogenomics, and neurogenesis (Schwartz, 2018). Affinity is characterized as the degree or fraction a drug attaches to receptors at each drug concentration or solidity that the drug adheres to the receptor. Each macromolecular tissue section wherever a drug can bind is a binding site. Drug response is a result of chemical interactions between a drug and a binding site. The potency is a measure of each drug’s required quantity to create an effect of a dispensed measurement. Affinity signifies one of the determinants of potency (Salahudeen & Nishtala, 2017).
