Describe protein folding and processing (include in your answer action of chaperones and a disease that results from a defect in protein folding) (30 marks)
Introduce protein synthesis-diversity of proteins and relate it to post modification of proteins
Protein folding-molecules involved-structure and function (chaperones-PDI, PPI, chaperonins, Hsp70).
Proteins are processed and folded by a number of assisting molecules such as chaperones, chaperonins and heat shock proteins.
Important to highlight its function in misfolding
Molecular details-molecules and process (physical process- 3 dimension-biologically active molecule-link to the structure Primary, secondary…) Link chaperones to translation-include details of signal sequences-proteolysis and peptidases etc
Then I would explain the similarities and differences of these molecules and their main functions (stabilization and aids in folding).
Other post modification process-Addition of CHO, lipids etc
Then I would explain mutations, explain ubiquitin
Explain diseases that may arise as a result of protein folding dysfunction- how the disease Alzheimer is caused by a defect in protein folding (amyloid-b protein) which causes plaques in the brain.
CFTR
Include the details of the disease and how to relates to protein folding
PCR
Outline the principles of PCR, include the key enzymes and stages involved (30 marks)
What PCR stands for and what is it (mimics DNA replication)
Why PCR is used and what its used for (how it could be used to detect disease)
PCR is conducted with reference to stages
How the region for PCR is selected (2 primers designed to initiate DNA synthesis in opposite directions) – Steps of PCR: 1) denaturation (link it to DNA replication-helicase)2) annealing 3) extension with details of each step (enzymes, temperatures)
exponential amplification (rapid and automatically done, how RNA can also be amplified using reverse transcriptase)
temperatures the stages are at and the reason why.
Primers, buffer, Taq Polymerase, free nucleotides, mention their properties and function.
Then talk about the significance of the cycles being repeated, and the aims for using PCR
Application-functionality e.g., Covid research/diagnostics
