1 From a sociological perspective, ______ is granted more weight than ______.
A. deductive reasoning; inductive reasoning
B. empirical evidence; common sense
C. quantitative research; qualitative research
D. participant observation; nonparticipant observation
2 Research indicates that people who live in areas with high levels of noise pollution—such as sirens, car traffic, and airplanes—are in poorer physical health than those who live in areas with low levels of noise pollution.” Based on this statement, which of the following is true?
A. Noise pollution and physical health are positively correlated.
B. Noise pollution and physical health are negatively correlated.
C. Noise pollution and physical health are unrelated.
D. Noise pollution and physical health are correlated.
3 SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following are examples of quantitative variables?
A. eye color
B. unemployment rates
C. gender
D. drug use frequency
4 ______ is the process of systematically gathering empirical data, creating theories, and rigorously testing theories.
A. Deductive reasoning
B. Inductive reasoning
C. Hypothesis
D. The scientific method
5 Deductive reasoning starts with specific data and endeavors to identify larger patterns from which to derive more general theories.
True
False
6 SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. When a pollster announces that a certain percentage of a population favors a particular political candidate, which of the following questions should you ask?
A. How representative is the sample of the population?
B. Did they establish a control group?
C. How was the survey questionnaire prepared?
D. What was the size of the sample?
7 Which of the following is typically the focus of a literature review?
A. unpublished papers
B. published and peer-reviewed research studies
C. dissertations
D. newspapers and other periodicals
8 In his study of the Saints and the Roughnecks, William Chambliss spent hours observing gang members from a distance. His research approach is an example of which of the following?
A. participant observation
B. experimentation
C. survey research
D. detached observation
9 In general, large-scale random sample surveys are more reliable than smaller, nonrandom sample surveys.
True
False
10 A(n) ______ definition of a concept describes it in such a way that it can be observed and measured.
A. falsifiable
B. operational
C. positive
D. Causal
11 A researcher studying opinions about drug regulation asks, “Do you believe that dangerous prescription drugs, such as hydrocodone and valium, which cause a lot of diseases and deaths, should be banned?” Based on this description, what would render her findings useless?
A. She has violated the rules of informed consent.
B. She has not obtained a permit.
C. She is asking leading questions.
D. She is too detached to be objective.
12 We can assume a theory is true if testing confirms it.
True
False
13 Which of the following are specific techniques for systematically gathering data?
A. Research methods
B. Biases
C. Variables
D. Correlations
14 The U.S. Census is an example of which of the following types of research?
A. fieldwork
B. participatory research
C. survey research
D. experimentation
15 SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following are provisions of the Nuremberg Code?
A. Interpretation of experiment data should avoid conclusions that are speculative or unwarranted by the research results.
B. Research questions should be aimed at advancing public policies on issues of concern.
C. The voluntary consent of the human subject is essential.
D. No experiment should be conducted where there is advance reason to believe that disabling injury or death will occur.
16 Sociologists have found that when the rates of male unemployment in a community rise, the rates of marriage in the community fall. This is an example of which of the following?
A. a negative correlation
B. a spurious relationship
C. a positive correlation
D. social desirability bias
17 Which of the following research methods is ideal for verifying data obtained through interviews?
A. experimentation
B. survey research
C. participant observation and detached observation
D. participatory research
18 In an experiment, the control group is exposed to the independent variable.
True
False
19 A good research project must have results that unequivocally support the hypothesis.
True
False
Which of the following relationships involves an over-looked variable?
A. a positive correlation
B. a spurious relationship
C. a negative correlation
D. a causal relationship
