As a tool to reinforce your reading of Chapter 13, please answer the following questions .
2. Describe how you would show that putative translocated effector proteins from Salmonella were involved in inducing actin rearrangements, changing phosphorylation states of host proteins, and induction of apoptosis or DNA synthesis in host cells.
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4. In the chapter, we mention that one advantage of direct delivery of toxic effectors into target host cells by the T3SS, T4SS, or T6SS is that the toxic effectors are able to avoid being neutralized by circulating antibodies. What other advantages does direct delivery of a toxic effector have for the pathogen?
