How was the Umma fragmented politically into three distinct centers of power and how did this disunity jeopardize the Islamic dream of a universal community in the Islamic World of the 11th century?Discuss
Your main objective in this writing assignment is to explain how, in an environment of anxiety and fear, revelation (theology) prevailed over reason (philosophy) in the Islamic Umma of the 11th century. Based on your readings of chapter 7 and especially chapter 8 ‘Enter the Turks’, explore some or all of the following guiding questions. […]